Vanadium Pentoxide for VRFBs, Chemical Industry
VANADIUM in VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
A Marval For Energy Storage and Important Catalyst For The Chemical Industry.
Wind & sun are renewable energy sources. Turbines & photovoltaic cells cannot be switched on & off at will. The energy generated during blowing of wind or availability of sunshine, needs to be stored for supply to grid or other uses and this affords predictability of energy.…Fossil & nuclear fuels supply electricity in a controllable manner to balance the electrical grid.
A Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) is an important, large-scale & reliable storage device for this energy.
VRFB can absorb and release large amounts of electricity instantaneously and can do this function repeatedly without loss of efficiency. The VRFB can store large amount of energy when there are high winds & strong sunlight; and can be released later when there is a demand.
VRFB is an economical & scalable option to achieve the above goals.
Three components are required for working of a VRFB; a stack to generate electricity & 2 tanks which store the Vanadium solutions in different oxidation states. Vanadium has 4 oxidation states and all 4 exhibit different colors:
V5+ is yellow; V4+ is blue; V3+ is green; V2+ is purple. These remain perpetual and do not change or decompose.
This allows for a redox reaction to take place enabling storage & generation of energy. The Vanadium liquids are pumped from external tanks to the stack, wherein the redox reaction takes place; generating energy. The bigger the tanks the more energy can be stored. Supersaturated solutions can also be prepared and used.
VRFB has been produced with capacities like1.5 Megawatt, 200 KW, 250 KW, 170 KW, 100 KW, 2-, 5-, 10- KW s.
VRFB is an excellent solution for providing powder back up in houses and factories, mobile phone towers etc. As an example: “Sumitomo Electric will begin constructing the 17MW / 51MWh vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) system on the island of Hokkaido during this Japanese financial year (JFY), capable of storing energy for three hours and connected to the wind farm. The project will be completed by the end of March 2022.
“https://batteryindustry.tech/sumitomo-51mwh-vanadium-flow-battery-system-ordered-for-wind-farm-in-northern-japan/”
Schematic Diagram & Chemistry of VRFB
Vanadium Pentoxide (V2O5)
Vanadium oxides, chlorides, complexes & heteropoly salts are also active catalysts.
Vanadium Pentoxide has an orthorhombic crystalline structure, which increases its chemical reactivity.
Vanadium Pentoxide isused with/without additives for oxidation reactions as follows:
- It oxidises SO2 to SO3 in the Contact Process in presence of oxygen at about 4500C at about 1-2 atm, facilitating the manufacture of oleum or sulphuric acid.
- Oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde.
- Used in production of Phthalic Anhydride, Maleic Anhydride, Adipic Acid, Acrylic Acid, Anthraquinone, Oxalic Acid, Polyester, Alkyd Resins etc.
- Used in rubber synthesis, petroleum cracking & organic compounds.
- Used in manufacture of various alloys.
- Benfield & Stretford Gas Processing
- Dyes & Dye Fixates
- Vitamins
- Due to its high coefficient of thermal resistance, Vanadium Pentoxide finds use as a detector material in bolometers and microbolometer arrays for thermal imaging. It also finds application as an ethanol sensor in ppm levels.
SPECIFICATIONS OF GRADES OF VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
Appearance : Yellow-orange powder
Melting Point : 6900C. Bulk density : 1.2-1.3 g/cc.
Specific gravity : About 3.4 Particle Size : Below 850 µm
| No. | Tests | Specifications Highly pure – Granular | Specifications Technical Grade |
| 1 | Vanadium as V2O5 (%) | Minimum 99.6 | Minimum 99.2 |
| 2 | V2O4 (%) | Maximum 0.5 | – |
| 3 | Iron (%) | Maximum 0.02 | Maximum 0.04 |
| 4 | Molybdenum (%) | Maximum 0.025 | – |
| 5 | Potassium (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.015 |
| 6 | Sodium (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.025 |
| 7 | Silicon (%) | Maximum 0.01 | Maximum 0.015 |
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